Research & Referencing
A guide for students and staff on referencing, copyright, creative commons and more
When to use a paraphrase?
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You use a paraphrase when you want to preserve the meaning of the original text without copying the text verbatim (see quotation).
A paraphrase is representing the ideas of others in one's own words.
A paraphrase is announced or followed by a narrative or parenthetical citation to the original work.
Rules for paraphrasing
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- The source reference for a paraphrase consists of author's surname and the publication year in parentheses.
- Citing the page number is not mandatory, but is recommended when referring to a specific passage.
Paraphrase with a parenthetical citation
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If you do not name the author(s) in the text then the citation after the paraphrase will appear as follows:
- one author:
For the research, it is recommended to first analyze the problem or situation (Migchelbrink, 2006).
- two authors - use ampersand (&) between the two names:
Achieving high ratings is often more important than asking good questions (Donders & Ruijs, 2019).
- three and more authors - use the Latin et al.
If it is about markets or customers and about products or services then it is market research (Broekhoff et al., 2015).
Paraphrase with a narrative citation
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If you cite the author(s) in the text, it is not necessary to repeat the name(s) in the parentheses. The source reference will look like this:
- one author:
According to Grit (2021), there are different behavioral types. For example, you have introverts, extroverts, thinkers and feelers and you can classify these types back into behavioral colors.
- two authors - in the text use the word 'and' between the names instead of an ampersand
The study followed the methods described by Fischer and Julsing (2019).
- three and more authors - use the Latin 'et al.':
According to Broekhoff et al. (2015), market research is when it involves markets or customers and products or services.
Paraphrase of multiple publications
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To support an argument or hypothesis, you can refer to several publications at once.
In this case, the authors are arranged alphabetically and separated by a semicolon " ; "
Several sources (Baarda et al., 2012; Fischer & Julsing, 2019; Migchelbrink, 2006) indicate that...